FRC Resources

In the wall on my office in large vinyl letters are these words by Benjamin Franklin. I have always loved this quote because it expresses the importance of inclusion and involvement on the part of the educator from the learner’s perspective. As faculty we are always doing both—alternatively learning about ways to teach and reach ALL of our students while meeting them where they are.

Teaching involves encouraging our students to persist and feel engaged while employing self-directed learning strategies and techniques that they can take with them throughout their lifetime beyond college. What happens, though, when the act of learning itself is challenged by a disability? We expect students in our classes to exhibit higher-order thinking and problem-solving skills, but what happens when these executive functioning skills are missing or have not yet been tapped?

For the neurodivergent student tasks such as knowing how to ask for help, understanding how to take notes and pay attention during class lectures can be significant obstacles that many may not be able to overcome on their own. Worse, faculty may be unable to know where to go for assistance (or be overwhelmed with the sheer number of resources available).

According to Lone Star College-Montgomery’s LifePATH website, neurodiverse students “include those with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, and anxiety.” When considering this definition, one can see that many of our students fall into this category. We can think of neurodiversity, then, from the standpoint that brain differences are normal and not a deficit. According to the certification course on Neurodiversity, we learned that 17.9% of students have disabilities, yet only 1-3% of this population self-report.

You may be surprised to know that neurodiverse populations in higher education includes the following:

• ADHD
• Autism
• Non-verbal learning disorders
• Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia
• Tourette’s
• PTSD
• Depression

There are certain characteristics that may be more common to each particular brain difference; however, in general, some of the areas you may see from neurodiverse students include:

• Difficulty concentrating
• Slower, more labored reading and writing
• Unexpected social behaviors (for example, responding to a professor or peers about a subject that may appear to be “off topic”)
• Tics or other uncontrollable gestures or movements
• Resistance to group work / collaborative situations
• Extra sensitivity to stimulation (including sounds, smells, and lighting)
• Falling asleep in class
• Outbursts
• Increased anxiety during exams or class presentations

The following is adapted from the excellent text Creating Inclusive Learning Opportunities in Higher Education: A Universal Design Toolkit by Sheryl Burgstahler (2020). On page 166 of the text, Universal Design principles are applied to principles of good practice in higher education. Some of these are:

• Include a statement on the syllabus inviting students to meet with the instructor to discuss learning needs.
• Assign group work in which learners support each other, encouraging multiple ways for students to interact.
• Provide multiple ways for students to participate in class.
• Use multiple, accessible methods for assessing student progress.
• Ensure all students have adequate time to complete tasks.
• Keep expectations high for all, and provide accommodations to level the playing field rather than give unfair advantage.
• Regularly adopt practices that reflect high values with respect to diversity, equity, and inclusiveness.

A syllabus statement offers you an opportunity to tell all students what your expectations are for their success. Offer examples of situations in which you explain various opportunities to participate, engage with their classmates, and access content.

Burgstahler “consider[s] it important to include in [her] syllabus 1) the audience for the course, 2) commitment to making the course accessible to everyone and invite students to communicate with [her] about accessibility issues, and 3) information about how to obtain disability-related accommodations from the institution.”

Helping our neurodiverse students connect to their campus resources and community is so important to student success and retention. In this series of slides you can explore more about executive function, how we can connect our students to resources that can help them succeed, and discuss the teaching mindset: The Teaching Minds Presentation Slides

There are so many different resources available on the subject of accessibility that it can be difficult to know where to start. The following resources offer excellent tips, resources, and even “cheatsheets” intended to increase universal access by developing educational resources. This list is intended to be a “first look” and a place to begin your research.

• The Center for Universal Design in Education: Intended for those in higher education to apply universal design within the postsecondary setting
• Cheatsheets: The National Center on Disability and Access to Education
• Do It (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking, and Technology).
• GOALS (Gaining Online Accessible Learning through Self-Study) Project: Provides resources for faculty who are just learning how to increase online accessibility for students.
• National Center on Accessible Educational Materials: Contains a study guide for those who seek to develop knowledge and practical skills related to the Quality Indicators with Critical Components for Higher Education.
• WebAIM: Provides articles introducing users to web accessibility, disability types and design considerations of those disabilities as well as information about user perspective.